domenica 16 aprile 2017
CRYPTOMAX SCAM
https://cryptomax.io/?ref=YRKF0v
versati 0,07 litecoin il 26/02/2016
Technical data HYIP
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sabato 15 aprile 2017
METIZER SCAM
https://metizer.com/?ref=vmO4YI
METIZER gives presents to all its users: 100 Gh/s to each user while registering and 5 Gh/s for each user who passed registration using link of your partner.
System «Level»: Investors have a unique ability to use up to 150% of power.
FIXED PRICE 1 GH/S = 0.01 USD
FIXED PRICE 1 GH/S = 0.01 USD
Min. investment: 0.002 BTC, 0.2 LTC, 0.50 USD, 500 DOGE
ISCRITTO IL 29/01/2017 VERSATI 1000 DOGE.
giovedì 13 aprile 2017
INTESA SANPAOLO TRIALS DATA RECORDKEEPING ON THE BLOCKCHAIN
Intesa Sanpaolo Trials Data Recordkeeping on the Blockchain
The bank, along with Deloitte and startup Eternity Wall, began testing the new proof-of-concept late last year.
At the heart of the project is the open-source OpenTimestamps protocol, developed by Bitcoin Core contributor Peter Todd, which Eternity Wall later moved to implement. It uses the bitcoin blockchain as means to notarize transactions, creating a publicly available record trail for later referral.
Carlo Brezigia, information security officer for the bank, explained:
"Relevant data has been hashed to produce a short unique identifier – a digest – equivalent to its digital fingerprint. This fingerprint has been associated to a blockchain transaction and hence registered on the blockchain: the blockchain immutability provides robust non-refutable timestamping that will always prove without any doubt the existence of that data in that specific status at that precise moment in time."The bank tested the tool between October and February, according to Deloitte, and the firm said that future plans include support for multiple blockchains, potentially including private ones.
The trial notably showcases a willingness on the part of a regulated financial institution to experiment with a public blockchain. In a statement, Gianni Cavallina, the bank's retail innovation accelerator officer, spoke to both the interest in testing such protocols beyond the use case of digital currency.
"In particular, considering public blockchains, we are exploring the applicability of different use cases, abstracting from the value of its native digital currency. Notarization is one of the most interesting application[s]," Cavallina said.
Intesa Sanpaolo – a member of the R3 distributed ledger consortium – has tested a number of blockchain use cases in the past, including trade finance and digital identity.
domenica 9 aprile 2017
LITECOIN PRICE NEARS TWO-YEAR HIGH AS SEGWIT HOPES RISE
Litecoin Price Nears Two-Year High As SegWit Hopes Rise
Far from a standard cryptocurrency pump, however, the market appears to be responding strongly to its technical roadmap. Namely, the increase comes as the network nears the key 75% support level needed to activate Segregated Witness, a scaling solution that will boost block capacity.
While signaling had declined slightly to 67% at press time, litecoin traded as high as $11.32 today, up nearly 40% in the space of 24 hours, according to CoinMarketCap data.
Late yesterday, the digital currency even reached $11.42, its highest price since May 2014.
These recent price increases have built on the gains the cryptocurrency began experiencing roughly one week ago, when the digital asset surged nearly 70% on 30th March.
As a result of these continued upward price movements, litecoin's value surged more than 100% in a week. According to Coinmarketcap.com, 24-hour volume surpassed $250m today, a drastic increase from the $10m recorded during the 30th March rally.
SegWit support builds
The major development that has coincided with litecoin's continued rise is progress toward obtaining the support levels needed for activating SegWit.First designed for use on the bitcoin blockchain, SegWit would nonetheless increase litecoin's block capacity by altering how transaction date is stored by the network.
Once breached, the level of support will need to remain at or above the 75% threshold level for 8,064 blocks (roughly two weeks) before it can officially be implemented.
The recent rally in litecoin prices compares to a long period when the digital currency's price experienced little volatility.
The price of litecoin rose to more than $50 in late 2013 but has traded below $20 since early 2014.
ETHEREUM'S DIFFICULTY BOMB:ALL SMOKE, NO FIRE
Ethereum's Difficulty Bomb: All Smoke, No Fire?
Sometime in the future (we can't be certain when), ethereum will likely switch from its proof-of-work consensus algorithm to Casper, a proof-of-stake system its developers are now in the throes of completing. While this may sound like a slight change to those who are unfamiliar, altering this one parameter will have an outsized effect. When the protocol change happens, the ethereum blockchain will hard fork, meaning that, for a short period of time, two networks – the old and new – will exist simultaneously.
At that point, the goal for ethereum will be to persuade the majority of its users to upgrade to the new proof-of-stake-powered blockchain. Otherwise, ethereum risks winding up creating another blockchain, as it did when a past technical update created ethereum classic.
On the surface of things, getting the companies that use the ethereum network to switch should not be a problem. After all, proof of stake promises to be faster and more scalable, and to consume far less energy than proof of work.
To most of the ethereum community, Casper sounds like a great deal. Unless, of course, you are a miner.
That's because proof of stake doesn’t rely on mining. Rather, it gives the job of creating the next block to those who own tokens on a blockchain – a move that essentially puts miners out of a job.
Time bomb
But, two things could go wrong with ethereum's big switch.One would be if Casper does not work as planned. In this case, ethereum could simply delay the switchover. The second is if miners continue mining the old chain. But ethereum has always had a plan for that – something called the 'difficulty bomb'.
Baked into ethereum shortly after the network launched, the
difficulty bomb was created to make mining a block increasingly
difficult over time. The slowdown is set to happen gradually at first,
but will spike upward after the launch of Casper.When mining requires more work, miners are not able to produce as many blocks. The block time gets longer and, as a result, miners earn less and less revenue. Eventually, the network just becomes unusable.
That is the plan, at least.
Miner concerns
As ominous as all that sounds, however, miners don't appear too concerned.Jonathan Toomim is co-founder of Toomim Brothers, a cloud mining company that has a high percentage of its business invested in ethereum.
Toomim told CoinDesk that, right now, the difficult bomb mainly effects his purchasing decisions. Any hardware he buys has to pay for itself before ethereum updates to Casper.
Toomim also pointed out that, if and when mining ethereum does become unprofitable, he will simply switch to mining other coins, like Zcash or ethereum classic, that use a similar mining mechanism.
But that right there could be a problem for ethereum.
If enough miners leave the network before ethereum switches to proof of stake, that could impact the security of the main ethereum blockchain – the one that most of its users are still active on at the time.
Toomim though made it clear he intends to mine altruistically, saying:
"We will switch to mining more profitable coins as long as the survival of ethereum is not threatened. That is, assuming that a hard fork is performed as planned either to enable proof of stake or, worst case, to delay the bomb, we will mine something else."
History of the big freeze
Ethereum's difficulty algorithm started with this core commit in August 2015 in the 'Frontier' patch, the first release of the ethereum network.At that time, ethereum's then-CCO Stephan Taul wrote in a blog post that, starting from block 200,000, mining would become progressively more difficult. So much so, that by the end of 2016, an 'Ice Age' would occur, meaning a point when the network freezes up.
But less than a year later, in June 2017, that Ice Age got delayed, partly to allow more time for the development of Casper.
“Why would you stick with the network that is increasing block times?”Ethereum co-creator Vitalik Buterin wrote on Reddit: "With the change in the difficulty adjustment algorithm brought about in the last hard fork, the Ice Age will come very slowly indeed."
How slow? The difficulty adjustment happens every 1,000 blocks.
Currently, block time is averaging 14 seconds, but for the last year, it has been inching up to 15 seconds. And, according to calculations made by Buterin three months ago, that number will double to 30 seconds by mid-August of this year.
Block times could be as high as 14 minutes by 2025.
A block time of 30 seconds may not sound like a lot to some, especially when compared to bitcoin's block time of 10 minutes, but to clients running apps on ethereum, that slowdown could get annoying.
Chill attitudes
Still, some ethereum users say the temporary slowdown is worth putting up with, because proof of stake will ultimately be much faster.
Zack Coburn, the lead developer at FirstBlood, a gaming platform that runs on ethereum, said he's not fussed.
He told CoinDesk: "We don't rely on extremely high frequency transactions, so a brief period of 30-second block times wouldn't be a major concern."
Some have a different opinion, though.
Rick Dudley, a blockchain developer who contributed to Casper, thinks any change in block time is a huge deal. And if the block time climbs to 2 minutes, the difficulty bomb will seriously impact businesses.
"Yeah, I think that is pretty crippling. Two minutes from 15 seconds is extremely painful. I think it is easy to misinterpret how bad that really is," he said.
He points out, though, that the bomb is only going to hit when there is already a viable alternative: proof of stake.
In this light, Dudley he said he feels ethereum won't have a problem getting users to upgrade, concluding:
"If the choice is between the proof-of-stake network that is lowering time and the proof-of-work network that is increasing block times, why would you stick with the network that is increasing block times?”
10 INSURANCE FIRMS TEST BLOCKCHAIN FOR INSURANCE IN CHINA
10 Insurance Firms Test Blockchain for Insurance in China
A group of insurance companies has completed a new blockchain trial in China.Founded in 2016, the Shanghai Insurance Exchange is the country's first insurance asset trading platform.
The test was reportedly aiming at making use of the security and traceability features of blockchain, and to solve the credibility issues facing insurance firms.
In statements, Wang He, vice president of People's Insurance Company of China, noted that he believes insurance is a natural fit for blockchain given the sector's reliance on disparate systems that include many participants with the need to share information.
The VP further addressed that those seeking to leverage blockchain need to work with other technologies such as big data, biological recognition and artificial intelligence as it moves toward commercialization.
The report further referenced the growing interest among China's domestic insurance companies in blockchain, noting past tests by Sunshine Insurance, Ping An Group, Zhong An online property insurance and Taikang Life.
sabato 8 aprile 2017
CENTURION NEW COIN
Centurion is a unique cryptocurrency launching today on February 9, 2017. The new cryptocurrency draws lessons from Bitcoin and other altcoins to offer an efficient and easy-to-use option for the cryptocurrency community.
http://www.centurionlab.org/
Centurion can process and confirm transactions in under 6 minutes. Also, the cryptocurrency protocol has a block size of 2 MB, which is twice the Bitcoin block size.
Specifications
Algorithm: X11 Minting:
Proof of Work (PoW) / 3% Proof of Stake (PoS) RPC port: 5555 P2P port: 5556 Block Time: 1 minute Block Size: 2 MB Source Code: https://github.com/centurioncoin/centurion Official Pool: http://CNTpool.org Reward Schedule Blocks until 100 - 0 CNT (for fair difficulty balancing)
Blocks 101 - 250,100 - 100 CNT
Blocks 250,101 - 500,100 - 75 CNT
Blocks 500,101 - 1,000,100 - 60 CNT
Blocks 2,000,101 - 2,500,100 - 25 CNT Blocks 2,500,101 - 3,500,100 - 10 CNT
Blocks 3,500,101 - 4,000,100 - 5 CNT
Blocks 4,000,101 - 5,000,100 - 2.5 CNT
Blocks 5,000,101 - 19,000,000 - 1 CNT
Total Coin production 250 Million Reserve: 50 Million.
Wallet Applications
Windows: http://www.filedropper.com/centurion-qt
Android: http://www.centurionwallet.com/wallet-release.apk
Web Wallet: http://www.centurionwallet.com/
Exchanges, for Buying and Selling Centurion
NovaExchange: https://novaexchange.com/market/BTC_CNT/
ExCambiorex: https://bit.excambiorex.com/login.php
mercoledì 22 marzo 2017
BITMAGNET SCAM
3.60%/daily
0.15% Hourly
ForeverBIT
Minimum: 0.001 BTC
Maximum: 5 BTC
Maximum: 5 BTC
https://bitmagnet.biz/?ref=otrebor59
Domain Name: BITMAGNET.BIZ Domain ID: D72401499-BIZ Sponsoring Registrar: NAMECHEAP, INC. Sponsoring Registrar IANA ID: 1068 Registrar URL (registration services): http://www.namecheap.com Domain Status: clientTransferProhibited Registrant ID: RNR1B91A9ELESWOV Registrant Name: WhoisGuard Protected Registrant Organization: WhoisGuard, Inc. Registrant Address1: P.O. Box 0823-03411 Registrant City: Panama Registrant State/Province: Panama Registrant Postal Code: 0 Registrant Country: Panama Registrant Country Code: PA Registrant Phone Number: +507.8365503 Registrant Facsimile Number: +51.17057182 Registrant Email: 0a36a410c8a64868b7bf00a4d7b05bf0.protect@whoisguard.com Administrative Contact ID: E0X134YCCCPYBVSC Administrative Contact Name: WhoisGuard Protected Administrative Contact Organization: WhoisGuard, Inc. Administrative Contact Address1: P.O. Box 0823-03411 Administrative Contact City: Panama Administrative Contact State/Province: Panama Administrative Contact Postal Code: 0 Administrative Contact Country: Panama Administrative Contact Country Code: PA Administrative Contact Phone Number: +507.8365503 Administrative Contact Facsimile Number: +51.17057182 Administrative Contact Email: 0a36a410c8a64868b7bf00a4d7b05bf0.protect@whoisguard.com Billing Contact ID: 96I0E8QNEMLUHTMD Billing Contact Name: WhoisGuard Protected Billing Contact Organization: WhoisGuard, Inc. Billing Contact Address1: P.O. Box 0823-03411 Billing Contact City: Panama Billing Contact State/Province: Panama Billing Contact Postal Code: 0 Billing Contact Country: Panama Billing Contact Country Code: PA Billing Contact Phone Number: +507.8365503 Billing Contact Facsimile Number: +51.17057182 Billing Contact Email: 0a36a410c8a64868b7bf00a4d7b05bf0.protect@whoisguard.com Technical Contact ID: Q4I4D5H1GCASGRAQ Technical Contact Name: WhoisGuard Protected Technical Contact Organization: WhoisGuard, Inc. Technical Contact Address1: P.O. Box 0823-03411 Technical Contact City: Panama Technical Contact State/Province: Panama Technical Contact Postal Code: 0 Technical Contact Country: Panama Technical Contact Country Code: PA Technical Contact Phone Number: +507.8365503 Technical Contact Facsimile Number: +51.17057182 Technical Contact Email: 0a36a410c8a64868b7bf00a4d7b05bf0.protect@whoisguard.com Name Server: NS19.STRONGNS.NET Name Server: NS21.STRONGNS.NET Name Server: NS57.STRONGNS.NET Created by Registrar: NAMECHEAP, INC. Last Updated by Registrar: NAMECHEAP, INC. Domain Registration Date: Sun Nov 06 15:06:48 GMT 2016 Domain Expiration Date: Sun Nov 05 23:59:59 GMT 2017 Domain Last Updated Date: Thu Jan 12 14:27:54 GMT 2017 DNSSEC: false >>>> Whois database was last updated on: Sun Jan 15 11:45:13 GMT 2017
Last check: 2017-02-12 11:40:19
| Website ping: 89 ms |
Server location country: Netherlands  |
| Hosting: |
| Website IP address: 91.220.101.59 |
| Domain Registrar: NAMECHEAP, INC. |
| НС server:ns19.strongns.net |
| НС server:ns21.strongns.net |
| SSL: i - GeoTrust Inc. |
| Number of monitorings: 5 |
| Alexa rating: 64562 |
Welcome to BitMagnet.biz!
BitMagnet Limited is a cryptocurrency investment company established in 2016. We are based in London and have in our employ investment professionals from many industries, ranging from advanced computer technology to engineering. Our investment experts are highly experienced in all cryptocurrency techniques, and they can answer whatever question you have about Bitcoin mining. As a Bitcoin mining company, we have just one goal: to provide a user-friendly investment platform that will assist our investors in making good investment decisions. We carefully developed and prepared automated platform as well as got the necessary experience. If you choose our company as your reliable financial partner, you can be assured of a high degree of professionalism of our traders and financial experts.DEPOSITO 0,001 BITCOIN IL 12/02/2017
PRIMO PAGAMENTO 0,0001 BITCOIN IL 19/02/2017
3.60%/daily
0.15% Hourly
Forever
Minimum: 0.001 BTC
Maximum: 5 BTC
Maximum: 5 BTC
https://bitmagnet.biz/?ref=otrebor59
Domain Name: BITMAGNET.BIZ Domain ID: D72401499-BIZ Sponsoring Registrar: NAMECHEAP, INC. Sponsoring Registrar IANA ID: 1068 Registrar URL (registration services): http://www.namecheap.com Domain Status: clientTransferProhibited Registrant ID: RNR1B91A9ELESWOV Registrant Name: WhoisGuard Protected Registrant Organization: WhoisGuard, Inc. Registrant Address1: P.O. Box 0823-03411 Registrant City: Panama Registrant State/Province: Panama Registrant Postal Code: 0 Registrant Country: Panama Registrant Country Code: PA Registrant Phone Number: +507.8365503 Registrant Facsimile Number: +51.17057182 Registrant Email: 0a36a410c8a64868b7bf00a4d7b05bf0.protect@whoisguard.com Administrative Contact ID: E0X134YCCCPYBVSC Administrative Contact Name: WhoisGuard Protected Administrative Contact Organization: WhoisGuard, Inc. Administrative Contact Address1: P.O. Box 0823-03411 Administrative Contact City: Panama Administrative Contact State/Province: Panama Administrative Contact Postal Code: 0 Administrative Contact Country: Panama Administrative Contact Country Code: PA Administrative Contact Phone Number: +507.8365503 Administrative Contact Facsimile Number: +51.17057182 Administrative Contact Email: 0a36a410c8a64868b7bf00a4d7b05bf0.protect@whoisguard.com Billing Contact ID: 96I0E8QNEMLUHTMD Billing Contact Name: WhoisGuard Protected Billing Contact Organization: WhoisGuard, Inc. Billing Contact Address1: P.O. Box 0823-03411 Billing Contact City: Panama Billing Contact State/Province: Panama Billing Contact Postal Code: 0 Billing Contact Country: Panama Billing Contact Country Code: PA Billing Contact Phone Number: +507.8365503 Billing Contact Facsimile Number: +51.17057182 Billing Contact Email: 0a36a410c8a64868b7bf00a4d7b05bf0.protect@whoisguard.com Technical Contact ID: Q4I4D5H1GCASGRAQ Technical Contact Name: WhoisGuard Protected Technical Contact Organization: WhoisGuard, Inc. Technical Contact Address1: P.O. Box 0823-03411 Technical Contact City: Panama Technical Contact State/Province: Panama Technical Contact Postal Code: 0 Technical Contact Country: Panama Technical Contact Country Code: PA Technical Contact Phone Number: +507.8365503 Technical Contact Facsimile Number: +51.17057182 Technical Contact Email: 0a36a410c8a64868b7bf00a4d7b05bf0.protect@whoisguard.com Name Server: NS19.STRONGNS.NET Name Server: NS21.STRONGNS.NET Name Server: NS57.STRONGNS.NET Created by Registrar: NAMECHEAP, INC. Last Updated by Registrar: NAMECHEAP, INC. Domain Registration Date: Sun Nov 06 15:06:48 GMT 2016 Domain Expiration Date: Sun Nov 05 23:59:59 GMT 2017 Domain Last Updated Date: Thu Jan 12 14:27:54 GMT 2017 DNSSEC: false >>>> Whois database was last updated on: Sun Jan 15 11:45:13 GMT 2017
Last check: 2017-02-12 11:40:19
| Website ping: 89 ms |
| Server location country: Netherlands |
| Hosting: |
| Website IP address: 91.220.101.59 |
| Domain Registrar: NAMECHEAP, INC. |
| НС server:ns19.strongns.net |
| НС server:ns21.strongns.net |
| SSL: i - GeoTrust Inc. |
| Number of monitorings: 5 |
| Alexa rating: 64562 |
Welcome to BitMagnet.biz!
BitMagnet Limited is a cryptocurrency investment company established in 2016. We are based in London and have in our employ investment professionals from many industries, ranging from advanced computer technology to engineering. Our investment experts are highly experienced in all cryptocurrency techniques, and they can answer whatever question you have about Bitcoin mining. As a Bitcoin mining company, we have just one goal: to provide a user-friendly investment platform that will assist our investors in making good investment decisions. We carefully developed and prepared automated platform as well as got the necessary experience. If you choose our company as your reliable financial partner, you can be assured of a high degree of professionalism of our traders and financial experts.DEPOSITO 0,001 BITCOIN IL 12/02/2017
PRIMO PAGAMENTO 0,0001 BITCOIN IL 19/02/2017
SECONDO PAGAMENTO 0,0003 BITCOINI IL 25/02/2017
TERZO PAGAMENTO 0.0003 BITCOIN IL 04/03/2017
giovedì 16 marzo 2017
HASCHRESERVE SCAM
https://hashreserve.biz/?ref=otrebor59
VERSATO 0,001 BIT COIN 28/02/2017
RISCOSSO 0,001 BIT COIN IL 06/03/2017
venerdì 10 marzo 2017
RAPIDHASH SCAM
https://rapidhash.io/?ref=otrebor59VERSATI 0,001 BITCOIN IL 25/02/2017
ricevuto pagamento 0.0002 bit coin il 04/03/2017
martedì 7 marzo 2017
BIT COIN OFFICE SCAM
https://bitoffice.biz/?ref=otrebor59
WE LCOME TO BITCOIN OFFICE LIMITED!
VERSATI 0,001 BIT COIN IL 18/02/16
WE LCOME TO BITCOIN OFFICE LIMITED!
Bitcoin
Office Limited presents a new look at the system of profitable
relations between investors and a team of professional technicians from
the field of Bitcoin mining and trading, there are the best conditions
of trust management and win-win investment strategy. Currently, modern
international company with roots from the United Kingdom proposes to
check out the quality of mining process, trading on cryptocurrency
exchanges and private electronic currency exchange results.
Even today, you can become a part of our friendly team as an investor or partner. The terms of funds allocation in the framework of trust management implies a daily income of 11%-15% for an indefinite period with the possibility to withdraw your current profit at any time, day or night!
Low requirements to the deposit, stable accruals and instant payments are among the key features of Bitcoin Office Limited. Join right now and start building your future with us!
Even today, you can become a part of our friendly team as an investor or partner. The terms of funds allocation in the framework of trust management implies a daily income of 11%-15% for an indefinite period with the possibility to withdraw your current profit at any time, day or night!
Low requirements to the deposit, stable accruals and instant payments are among the key features of Bitcoin Office Limited. Join right now and start building your future with us!
VERSATI 0,001 BIT COIN IL 18/02/16
domenica 5 marzo 2017
A (SHORT) GUIDE TO BLOCKCHAIN CONSENSUS PROTOCOLS
A (Short) Guide to Blockchain Consensus Protocols
We hear plenty of talk of how public blockchains are going to change the world, but to function on a global scale, a shared public ledger needs a functional, efficient and secure consensus algorithm.
A consensus algorithm, like bitcoin's proof of work (the one we hear about most often), does two things: it ensures that the next block in a blockchain is the one and only version of the truth, and it keeps powerful adversaries from derailing the system and successfully forking the chain.
In proof of work, miners compete to add the next block (a set of transactions) in the chain by racing to solve a extremely difficult cryptographic puzzle. The first to solve the puzzle, wins the lottery. As a reward for his or her efforts, the miner receives 12.5 newly minted bitcoins – and a small transaction fee.
Yet, although a masterpiece in its own right, bitcoin's proof of work isn't quite perfect.
Common criticisms include that it requires enormous amounts of computational energy, that it does not scale well (transaction confirmation takes about 10-60 minutes) and that the majority of mining is centralized in areas of the world where electricity is cheap.
Bitcoin creator Satoshi Nakamoto woke us up to the potential of the blockchain, but that doesn't mean we can't keep searching for faster, less centralized and more energy-efficient consensus algorithms to carry us into the future.
While not a comprehensive list, the following are a few of the alternative approaches being kicked around out there.
Proof of stake
The most common alternative to proof of work is proof of stake.In this type of consensus algorithm, instead of investing in expensive computer equipment in a race to mine blocks, a 'validator' invests in the coins of the system.
Note the term validator. That's because no coin creation (mining) exists in proof of stake. Instead, all the coins exist from day one, and validators (also called stakeholders, because they hold a stake in the system) are paid strictly in transaction fees.
In proof of stake, your chance of being picked to create the next block depends on the fraction of coins in the system you own (or set aside for staking). A validator with 300 coins will be three times as likely to be chosen as someone with 100 coins.
Once a validator creates a block, that block still needs to be committed to the blockchain. Different proof-of-stake systems vary in how they handle this. In Tendermint, for example, every node in the system has to sign off on a block until a majority vote is reached, while in other systems, a random group of signers is chosen.
Now, we run into a problem. What is to discourage a validator from creating two blocks and claiming two sets of transaction fees? And what is to discourage a signer from signing both of those blocks? This has been called the 'nothing-at-stake' problem. A participant with nothing to lose has no reason not to behave badly.
In the burgeoning field of 'crypto-economics', blockchain engineers are exploring ways to tackle this and other problems. One answer is to require a validator to lock their currency in a type of virtual vault.
If the validator tries to double sign or fork the system, those coins are slashed.
Peercoin was the first coin to implement proof of stake, followed by blackcoin and NXT. Ethereum currently relies on proof of work, but is planning a move to proof of stake in early 2018.
Proof of activity
To avoid hyperinflation (what happens when too much of a currency floods the system) bitcoin will only ever produce 21m bitcoins. That means, at some point, the bitcoin block reward subsidy will end and bitcoin miners will only receive transaction fees.Some have speculated this might cause security issues resulting from a 'tragedy of the commons', where people act in self-interest and spoil the system. So, proof of activity was created as an alternative incentive structure for bitcoin. Proof of activity is a hybrid approach that combines both proof of work and proof of stake.
In proof of activity, mining kicks off in a traditional proof-of-work fashion, with miners racing to solve a cryptographic puzzle. Depending on the implementation, blocks mined do not contain any transactions (they are more like templates), so the winning block will only contain a header and the miner's reward address.
At this point, the system switches to proof of stake. Based on information in the header, a random group of validators is chosen to sign the new block. The more coins in the system a validator owns, the more likely he or she is to be chosen. The template becomes a full-fledged block as soon as all of the validators sign it.
If some of the selected validators are not available to complete the block, then the next winning block is selected, a new group of validators is chosen, and so on, until a block receives the correct amount of signatures. Fees are split between the miner and the validators who signed off on the block.
Criticisms of proof of activity are the same as for both proof of work (too much energy is required to mine blocks) and proof of stake (there is nothing to deter a validator from double signing).
Decred is the only coin right now using a variation of proof of activity.
Proof of burn
With proof of burn, instead of pouring money into expensive computer equipment, you 'burn' coins by sending them to an address where they are irretrievable. By committing your coins to never-never land, you earn a lifetime privilege to mine on the system based on a random selection process.Depending on how proof of burn is implemented, miners may burn the native currency or the currency of an alternative chain, like bitcoin. The more coins you burn, the better chance you have of being selected to mine the next block.
Over time, your stake in the system decays, so eventually you will want to burn more coins to increase your odds of being selected in the lottery. (This mimics bitcoin's mining process, where you have to continually invest in more modern computing equipment to maintain hashing power.)
While proof of burn is an interesting alternative to proof of work, the protocol still wastes resources needlessly. Another criticism is that mining power simply goes to those who are willing to burn more money.
The only coin that uses proof of burn is slimcoin, a cryptocurrency based on peercoin. It uses a combination of proof of work, proof of stake and proof of burn, but is only semi-active at this time.
Proof of capacity
As we’ve seen, most of these alternative protocols employ some type of pay-to-play scheme. Proof of capacity is no different, but here you 'pay' with hard drive space. The more hard drive space you have, the better your chance of mining the next block and earning the block reward.Prior to mining in a proof-of-capacity system, the algorithm generates large data sets known as 'plots', which you store on your hard drive. The more plots you have, the better your chance of finding the next block in the chain.
By investing in terabytes of hard drive space, you buy yourself a better chance to create duplicate blocks and fork the system. But with proof of capacity, we still have the problem of nothing at stake to deter bad actors.
Variations of proof of capacity include proof of storage and proof of space. Burstcoin is the only cryptocurrency to use a form of proof of capacity.
Proof of elapsed time
Chipmaker Intel has come up with its own alternative consensus protocol called proof of elapsed time. This system works similarly to proof of work, but consumes far less electricity.
Further, instead of having participants solve a cryptographic puzzle,
the algorithm uses a trusted execution environment (TEE) – such as SGX –
to ensure blocks get produced in a random lottery fashion, but without
the required work.Intel’s approach is based on a guaranteed wait time provided through the TEE. According to Intel, the poof-of-elapsed-time algorithm scales to thousands of nodes and will run efficiently on any Intel processor that supports SGX.
The one problem with this protocol is it requires you to put your trust in Intel – and isn’t putting trust in third parties what we were trying to get away from with public blockchains?
lunedì 27 febbraio 2017
INTERNET HAS A VIRUS STEALING CRYPTOCURRENCY
Internet has a virus, stealing cryptocurrency
Cyren IT company has issues
press-release causing panics among a lot of Internet users saying that
they have detected spam company stealing cryptocurrency banking clients.
These
scammers work in the following way. They send fake letters to Bitcoin
clients’ users presenting themselves the employees of important banking
institutions such as DBS Bank and Emirates NBD banks. The letters say
about some network payments and attachments contain malware stealing
cryptocurrencies internet investments from recipients’ wallets.
Cyren
experts defined that they send letters from USA and Singapore via bots.
Hackers also specify bank SWIFT codes for transactions conducting.
Malware
is in form of PDF file installing keylogger registering each action and
stealing confidential information. The same virus also steals
cryptocurrency from users’ wallets.
The
list of stolen currencies is rather huge: Bitcoin, Anoncoin, Craftcoin,
Devcoin, BBQcoin, Bytecoin, Digitalcoin, Feathercoin, Fastcoin,
Florincoin, I0coin, Freicoin, Infinitecoin, Junkcoin, Ixcoin, Luckycoin,
Litecoin, Megacoin, Namecoin, Mincoin, Primecoin, Phoenixcoin,
Quarkcoin, Terracoin, Tagcoin, Worldcoin, Zetacoin and Yacoin.
Earlier
Internet has been struck by multifunctional malware called Protheus
containing the virus capable to mine various cryptocurrencies and turn
infected computer into proxy server and register all clicks users dosabato 25 febbraio 2017
BITCOIN WALLET CLASSIFICATION
Bitcoin wallet: classification and features
The Bitcoin crypto currency mobility, safety and usage simplicity attracts more and more fans. And we can tell for sure that taking into account the existing development of digital technologies this process will continue. The reason for this might be a necessity to use it any time and place using any device like laptop, tablet or Smartphone.
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